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    "headline": "A Lab Value Carries the Decision to Measure It",
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    "dek": "A formal result shows why physiology and care process cannot generally be separated from one electronic-health-record dataset.",
    "summary": "A formal result shows why physiology and care process cannot generally be separated from one electronic-health-record dataset.",
    "body_text": "Electronic health records mix a patient's condition with the clinical process that determines what gets measured. This paper proves that a single dataset cannot generally divide the information carried by laboratory values and ordering decisions when untested values are undefined. Cross-site outcome invariance is a falsifiable implication under added assumptions, but observationally equivalent models can disagree about the underlying biology. A worked example produces a 9.6-percentage-point site gap with the biological mechanism unchanged. Identification can return with universal testing or specially structured repeated measurements; absent that, cross-site results test a joint hypothesis, not physiology alone.",
    "why_it_matters": "A formal result shows why physiology and care process cannot generally be separated from one electronic-health-record dataset.",
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      "This paper proves that a single dataset cannot generally divide the information carried by laboratory values and ordering decisions when untested values are undefined.",
      "Identification can return with universal testing or specially structured repeated measurements; absent that, cross-site results test a joint hypothesis, not physiology alone."
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      "electronic health records",
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      "care process"
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      "title": "arXiv preprint 2611.11726, original v1",
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    "title": "A Lab Value Carries the Decision to Measure It",
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